The notion of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), as well as related topics like Internet of Things, Industrie 4.0 and Smart Manufacturing, is currently attracting quite a lot of attention both within manufacturing and process industries. Clearly, CPS offers many potential applications for automation, ranging from how to engineer the installation of new plants to production management and more intelligent maintenance schemes. There are multiple potential scenarios on how this will also impact control and operations in the process and manufacturing industries. On the one hand, through a better connectivity, information will be much easier available, which could result in aggregated and more complex systems due to the increased scope. On the other hand, some scenarios speak for more distributed decision-making and simplicity where one naturally also needs to consider the optimality aspects and be able manage the collaboration between the nodes. Regardless of the scenario that will realize, it can be expected that the importance of optimization will increase and this presentation discusses some aspects related to the opportunities, challenges and changes triggered by CPS.